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星座与神话
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中国的天文学是独立发展出来的,亦由此而产生了和西方截然不同的星座系统。早在战国时代(约公元前四百年)或以前,由于制历和占星上的需要,石申夫、甘德及巫咸三家已分别制成了各自的星表,这三个星表再由三国时的陈卓(约公元230至公元320年)综合整理,成为一个有283星官、1464颗星的星表。
唐代学者王希明作《丹元子步天歌》,首创将全天分成三十一个天区,亦即三垣二十八宿。三垣是「紫微垣」、「太微垣」及「天市垣」。二十八宿十分类似于西方的黄道十二宫,它们是黄道和白道附近的二十八个区域,为日月五星所经之处。
到了明代末期,徐光启在编纂《祟祯历书》时,根据西方星表,加入中国所缺的23个近南极星官。在这个基础上,清朝戴进贤及刘松龄编修的《仪象考成》,对恒星的位置及星官数目作了一次重新考订及增减,是现代绘制中国古星图的标准。
在这里,若星官名称为国名、地名或人名,皆采用汉语拼音翻译。
要注意的是,由于这些星官命名的年代久远,而且,随着历史的发展,中国人无论在生活习惯、用语、信仰及政府结构上亦起了不少变化,要把所有名称准确翻译十分困难。事实上,学术界对不少名称背后的意义仍未有一致的看法,以下的翻译只是众多可能解释之一。
三垣 Three Enclosures
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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北极 Northern pole | 太子 Crown prince 帝 Emperor 庶子 Son of Concubine 后宫 Imperial Concubine 天枢 Celestial pivot |
四辅 Four Advisors | - |
勾陈 Curved Array | - |
天皇大帝 Great Emperor of Heaven | - |
天柱 Celestial Pillar | - |
御女 Maids-in-waiting | - |
女史 Female protocol | - |
柱史 Official of royal archives | - |
尚书 Royal secretary | - |
天床 Celestial bed | - |
大理 Chief judge | - |
阴德 Hidden virtue | - |
六甲 Six Jia | - |
五帝内座 Interior seats of five emperors | - |
华盖 Canopy of the emperor | 杠 Canopy Support |
紫微左垣 Left wall | 左枢 Left pivot 上宰 First premier 少宰 Second premier 上弼 First minister 少弼 Second minister 上卫 First imperial guard 少卫 Second Imperial guard 少丞 Second prime minister |
紫微右垣 Right Wall | 右枢 Right pivot 少尉 Second chief judge 上辅 First minister 少辅 Second minister 上卫 First imperial guard 少卫 Second imperial guard 上丞 First prime minister |
天乙(天一)Celestial Great One | - |
太乙(太一)Frist Great one | - |
内厨 Inner kitchen | - |
北斗 Northern dipper | 天枢 Celestial pivot 天璇 Celestial rotating jade 天机 Celestial shining pearl 天权 Celestial balance 玉衡 Jade sighting-tube 开阳 Opener of heat 摇光 Twinkling brilliance 辅 Assistant |
天枪 Celestial spear | - |
玄戈 Sombre lance | - |
三公 Three excellencies | - |
相 Prime minister | - |
天理 Judge for nobility | - |
太阳守 Guard of the Sun | - |
太尊 Royals | - |
天牢 Celestial prison | - |
势 Eunuch | - |
文昌 Administrative centre | - |
内阶 Inner steps | - |
三师 Three top instructors | - |
八榖 Eight kinds of crops | - |
传舍 Guest house | - |
天厨 Celestial kitchen | - |
天棓 Celestial flail | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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五帝座 Seats of the five emperors | - |
太子 Crown prince | - |
从官 Retinue | - |
幸臣 Officer of honour | - |
五诸侯 Five feudal kings | - |
九卿 Nine senior officers | - |
三公 Three excellencies | - |
内屏 Inner screen | - |
太微左垣 Left wall | 左执法 Left law administrator 东上相 First eastern minister 东次相 Second eastern minister 东次将 Second eastern general 东上将 First eastern general |
太微右垣 Right wall | 右执法 Right law administrator 西上将 First western general 西次将 Second western general 西次相 Second western minister 西上相 First western minister |
郎将 Captain of the bodyguards | - |
郎位 Official of imperial guard | - |
常陈 Imperial guards | - |
三台 Three steps | 上台 Upper step 中台 Middle step 下台 Lower step |
虎贲 Emperor's bodyguard | - |
少微 Junior officers | - |
长垣 Long wall | - |
灵台 Astronomical observatory | - |
明堂 Cosmological temple | - |
谒者 Usher of the court | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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帝座 Emperor's seat | - |
候 Astrologer | - |
宦者 Eunuch official | - |
斗 Dipper for liquids | - |
斛 Dipper for solids | - |
列肆 Jewel market | - |
车肆 Commodity market | - |
市楼 Municipal office | - |
宗正 Official for royal clan | - |
宗人 Official of Religious Ceremonies | - |
宗 Patriarchal clan | - |
帛度 Textile ruler | - |
屠肆 Butcher's shops | - |
天市左垣 Left wall | 魏 WEI 赵 ZHAO 九河 JIUHE 中山 ZHONGSHAN 齐 QI 吴越 WUYUE 徐 XU 东海 DONGHAI 燕 YAN 南海 NANHAI 宋 SONG |
天市右垣 Right wall | 河中 HEZHONG 河间 HEJIAN 晋 JIN 郑 ZHENG 周 ZHOU 秦 QIN 蜀 SHU 巴 BA 梁 LIANG 楚 CHU 韩 HAN |
天纪 Celestial Discipline | - |
女床 Woman's bed | - |
贯索 Coiled thong | - |
七公 Seven excellencies | - |
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二十八宿 Twenty-eight Mansions
四象 Four Symbols |
二十八宿 Twenty-eight Mansions |
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青龙(东) Azure Dragon (East) |
角 Horn 亢 Neck 氐 Root 房 Room 心 Heart 尾 Tail 箕 Winnowing-basket |
玄武(北) Murky Warrior (North) |
斗 Dipper 牛 Ox 女 Girl 虚 Emptiness 危 Rooftop 室 Encampment 壁 Wall |
白虎(西) White Tiger (West) |
奎 Legs 娄 Bond 胃 Stomach 昴 Hairy head 毕 Net 觜 Turtle beak 参 Three stars |
朱雀(南) Vermilion Bird (South) |
井 Well 鬼 Ghosts 柳 Willow 星 Star 张 Extended net 翼 Wings 轸 Chariot |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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角 Horn | - |
平道 Flat road | - |
天田 Celestial farmland | - |
周鼎 Tripod of the ZHOU | - |
进贤 Recommending virtuous man | - |
天门 Celestial gate | - |
平 Judging | - |
库楼 Arsenal | - |
柱 Pillars | - |
衡 Railings | - |
南门 Southern gate | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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亢 Neck | - |
大角 Great horn | - |
左摄提 Right conductor | - |
右摄提 Left conductor | - |
折威 Executions | - |
顿顽 Trials | - |
阳门 Gate of YANG | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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氐 Root | - |
亢池 Boats and lake | - |
帝席 Mattress of the emperor | - |
梗河 Celestial lance | - |
招摇 Twinkling indicator | - |
天乳 Celestial milk | - |
天辐 Celestial spokes | - |
阵车 Battle chariots | - |
车骑 Chariots and cavalry | - |
骑阵将军 Chariot and Cavalry general | - |
骑官 Imperial guards | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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房 Room | 钩钤 Lock |
键闭 Door bolt | - |
罚 Punishment | - |
东咸 Eastern door | - |
西咸 Western door | - |
日 Sun | - |
从官 Retinue | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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心 Heart | - |
积卒 Group of soldiers | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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尾 Tail | 神宫 Changing room |
天江 Celestial river | - |
傅说 FUYUE | - |
鱼 Fish | - |
龟 Tortoise | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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箕 Winnowing basket | - |
糠 Chaff | - |
杵 Pestle | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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斗 Dipper | - |
天龠 Celestial keyhole | - |
天弁 Market officer | - |
建 Establishment | - |
天鸡 Celestial cock | - |
狗 Dog | - |
狗国 Territory of dogs | - |
天渊 Celestial spring | - |
农丈人 Peasant | - |
鳖 River turtle | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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牛 Ox | - |
天桴 Celestial drumstick | - |
河鼓 Drum at the river | - |
左旗 Left flag | - |
右旗 Right flag | - |
织女 Weaving girl | - |
渐台 Clepsydra terrace | - |
辇道 Imperial passageway | - |
罗堰 Networks of dykes | - |
天田 Celestial farmland | - |
九坎 Nine water wells | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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女 Girl | - |
离珠 Pearls on ladies' wear | - |
败瓜 Rotten gourd | - |
瓠瓜 Good gourd | - |
天津 Celestial ford | - |
奚仲 XIZHONG | - |
扶筐 Basket for mulberry leaves | - |
十二国 Twelve countries | 周 ZHOU 秦 QIN 代 DAI 赵 ZHAO 越 YUE 齐 QI 楚 CHU 郑 ZHENG 魏 WEI 韩 HAN 晋 JIN 燕 YAN |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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虚 Emptiness | - |
司命 Deified judge of life | - |
司禄 Deified judge of rank | - |
司危 Deified judge of disaster and good fortune | - |
司非 Deified judge of right and wrong | - |
哭 Crying | - |
泣 Weeping | - |
璃瑜 Jade ornament on ladies' wear | - |
天垒城 Celestial ramparts | - |
败臼 Decayed Mortar | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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危 Rooftop | 坟墓 Tomb |
盖屋 Roofing | - |
虚梁 Temple | - |
天钱 Celestial money | - |
人 Humans | - |
杵 Pestle | - |
臼 Mortar | - |
车府 Big yard for chariots | - |
造父 ZAOFU | - |
天钩 Celestial hook | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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室 Encampment | 离宫 Resting palace |
螣蛇 Flying serpent | - |
雷电 Thunder and lightning | - |
土公吏 Official for materials supply | - |
垒壁阵 The line of ramparts | - |
羽林军 Palace guard | - |
天纲 Materials for Making Tents | - |
北落师门 North gate of the military camp | - |
鈇钺 Axe | - |
八魁 Net for catching birds | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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壁 Wall | - |
天厩 Celestial stable | - |
土公 Official for earthworks and buildings | - |
霹雳 Thunderbolt | - |
云雨 Cloud and rain | - |
鈇锧 Sickle | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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奎 Legs | - |
王良 WANGLIANG | - |
策 Whip | - |
附路 Auxiliary road | - |
军南门 Southern military gate | - |
阁道 Flying corridor | - |
外屏 Outer fence | - |
天溷 Celestial pigsty | - |
土司空 Master of constructions | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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娄 Bond | - |
天大将军 Great general of the heaven | - |
左更 Official in charge of forest | - |
右更 Official in charge of pasturing | - |
天仓 Square celestial granary | - |
天庾 Ricks of grain | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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胃 Stomach | - |
大陵 Mausoleum | - |
积尸 Heaps of corpses | - |
天船 Celestial boat | - |
积水 Stored water | - |
天廪 Celestial foodstuffs | - |
天囷 Circular celestial granary | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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昴 Hairy head | - |
天阿 Celestial river | - |
月 Moon | - |
卷舌 Rolled tongue | - |
天谗 Celestial slander | - |
砺石 Whetstone | - |
天阴 Celestial YIN force | - |
刍蒿 Hay | - |
天苑 Celestial meadows | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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毕 Net | 附耳 Whisper |
天街 Celestial street | - |
天高 Celestial high terrace | - |
诸王 Feudal kings | - |
五车 Five chariots | - |
柱 Pillars | - |
威池 Pool of harmony | - |
天潢 Celestial pier | - |
天关 Celestial gate | - |
天节 Celestial tally | - |
九州殊口 Interpreters of nine dialects | - |
参旗 Banner of three stars | - |
九斿 Imperial military flag | - |
天园 Celestial orchard | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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觜 Turtle beak | - |
司怪 Deity in charge of monsters | - |
座旗 Seat flags | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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参 Three stars | 伐 Punishment |
玉井 Jade well | - |
军井 Military well | - |
屏 Screen | - |
厕 Toilet | - |
屎 Excrement | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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井 Well | 钺 Battle axe |
水府 Official for irrigation | - |
天樽 Celestial wine cup | - |
五诸侯 Five feudal kings | - |
北河 North river | - |
积水 Accumulated water | - |
积薪 Pile of firewood | - |
水位 Water level | - |
南河 South river | - |
四渎 Four channels | - |
阙丘 Palace gate | - |
军市 Market for the soldiers | - |
野鸡 Wild cockerel | - |
天狼 Celestial wolf | - |
丈人 Grandfather | - |
子 Son | - |
孙 Grandson | - |
老人 Old man | - |
弧矢 Bow and arrow | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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鬼 Ghosts | - |
积尸 Cumulative corpses | - |
爟 Beacon fire | - |
外厨 Outer kitchen | - |
天记 Judge to estimate the age of animals | - |
天狗 Celestial dog | - |
天社 Celestial earth god' s temple | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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柳 Willow | - |
酒旗 Banner of wine shop | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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星 Star | - |
天相 Celestial premier | - |
天稷 Celestial cereals | - |
轩辕 XUANYUAN | 御女 Maids-in-waiting |
内平 High judge | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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张 Extended net | - |
天庙 Celestial Temple | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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翼 Wings | - |
东瓯 DONGOU | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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轸 Chariot | 左辖 Left linchpin 右辖 Right linchpin 长沙 CHANGSHA |
青丘 Green hill | - |
军门 Military Gate | - |
土司空 Master of Construction | - |
器府 House for Musical Instruments | - |
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星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
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海山 Sea and mountain | - |
十字架 Cross | - |
马尾 Horse's tail | - |
马腹 Horse's abdomen | - |
蜜蜂 Bee | - |
三角形 Triangle | - |
异雀 Exotic bird | - |
孔雀 Peacock | - |
波斯 Persia | - |
蛇尾 Snake's tail | - |
蛇腹 Snake's abdomen | - |
蛇首 Snake's head | - |
鸟喙 Bird's beak | - |
鹤 Crane | - |
火鸟 Firebird | - |
水委 Crooked running water | - |
附白 White patches nearby | - |
夹白 White Patch Attached | - |
金鱼 Goldfish | - |
海石 Sea rock | - |
飞鱼 Flying fish | - |
南船 Southern boat | - |
小斗 Little dipper | - |