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星座与神话
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中国的天文学是独立发展出来的,亦由此而产生了和西方截然不同的星座系统。早在战国时代(约公元前四百年)或以前,由于制历和占星上的需要,石申夫、甘德及巫咸三家已分别制成了各自的星表,这三个星表再由三国时的陈卓(约公元230至公元320年)综合整理,成为一个有283星官、1464颗星的星表。
唐代学者王希明作《丹元子步天歌》,首创将全天分成三十一个天区,亦即三垣二十八宿。三垣是「紫微垣」、「太微垣」及「天市垣」。二十八宿十分类似于西方的黄道十二宫,它们是黄道和白道附近的二十八个区域,为日月五星所经之处。
到了明代末期,徐光启在编纂《祟祯历书》时,根据西方星表,加入中国所缺的23个近南极星官。在这个基础上,清朝戴进贤及刘松龄编修的《仪象考成》,对恒星的位置及星官数目作了一次重新考订及增减,是现代绘制中国古星图的标准。
在这里,若星官名称为国名、地名或人名,皆采用汉语拼音翻译。
要注意的是,由于这些星官命名的年代久远,而且,随着历史的发展,中国人无论在生活习惯、用语、信仰及政府结构上亦起了不少变化,要把所有名称准确翻译十分困难。事实上,学术界对不少名称背后的意义仍未有一致的看法,以下的翻译只是众多可能解释之一。
三垣 Three Enclosures
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 北极 Northern pole | 太子 Crown prince 帝 Emperor 庶子 Son of Concubine 后宫 Imperial Concubine 天枢 Celestial pivot |
| 四辅 Four Advisors | - |
| 勾陈 Curved Array | - |
| 天皇大帝 Great Emperor of Heaven | - |
| 天柱 Celestial Pillar | - |
| 御女 Maids-in-waiting | - |
| 女史 Female protocol | - |
| 柱史 Official of royal archives | - |
| 尚书 Royal secretary | - |
| 天床 Celestial bed | - |
| 大理 Chief judge | - |
| 阴德 Hidden virtue | - |
| 六甲 Six Jia | - |
| 五帝内座 Interior seats of five emperors | - |
| 华盖 Canopy of the emperor | 杠 Canopy Support |
| 紫微左垣 Left wall | 左枢 Left pivot 上宰 First premier 少宰 Second premier 上弼 First minister 少弼 Second minister 上卫 First imperial guard 少卫 Second Imperial guard 少丞 Second prime minister |
| 紫微右垣 Right Wall | 右枢 Right pivot 少尉 Second chief judge 上辅 First minister 少辅 Second minister 上卫 First imperial guard 少卫 Second imperial guard 上丞 First prime minister |
| 天乙(天一)Celestial Great One | - |
| 太乙(太一)Frist Great one | - |
| 内厨 Inner kitchen | - |
| 北斗 Northern dipper | 天枢 Celestial pivot 天璇 Celestial rotating jade 天机 Celestial shining pearl 天权 Celestial balance 玉衡 Jade sighting-tube 开阳 Opener of heat 摇光 Twinkling brilliance 辅 Assistant |
| 天枪 Celestial spear | - |
| 玄戈 Sombre lance | - |
| 三公 Three excellencies | - |
| 相 Prime minister | - |
| 天理 Judge for nobility | - |
| 太阳守 Guard of the Sun | - |
| 太尊 Royals | - |
| 天牢 Celestial prison | - |
| 势 Eunuch | - |
| 文昌 Administrative centre | - |
| 内阶 Inner steps | - |
| 三师 Three top instructors | - |
| 八榖 Eight kinds of crops | - |
| 传舍 Guest house | - |
| 天厨 Celestial kitchen | - |
| 天棓 Celestial flail | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 五帝座 Seats of the five emperors | - |
| 太子 Crown prince | - |
| 从官 Retinue | - |
| 幸臣 Officer of honour | - |
| 五诸侯 Five feudal kings | - |
| 九卿 Nine senior officers | - |
| 三公 Three excellencies | - |
| 内屏 Inner screen | - |
| 太微左垣 Left wall | 左执法 Left law administrator 东上相 First eastern minister 东次相 Second eastern minister 东次将 Second eastern general 东上将 First eastern general |
| 太微右垣 Right wall | 右执法 Right law administrator 西上将 First western general 西次将 Second western general 西次相 Second western minister 西上相 First western minister |
| 郎将 Captain of the bodyguards | - |
| 郎位 Official of imperial guard | - |
| 常陈 Imperial guards | - |
| 三台 Three steps | 上台 Upper step 中台 Middle step 下台 Lower step |
| 虎贲 Emperor's bodyguard | - |
| 少微 Junior officers | - |
| 长垣 Long wall | - |
| 灵台 Astronomical observatory | - |
| 明堂 Cosmological temple | - |
| 谒者 Usher of the court | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 帝座 Emperor's seat | - |
| 候 Astrologer | - |
| 宦者 Eunuch official | - |
| 斗 Dipper for liquids | - |
| 斛 Dipper for solids | - |
| 列肆 Jewel market | - |
| 车肆 Commodity market | - |
| 市楼 Municipal office | - |
| 宗正 Official for royal clan | - |
| 宗人 Official of Religious Ceremonies | - |
| 宗 Patriarchal clan | - |
| 帛度 Textile ruler | - |
| 屠肆 Butcher's shops | - |
| 天市左垣 Left wall | 魏 WEI 赵 ZHAO 九河 JIUHE 中山 ZHONGSHAN 齐 QI 吴越 WUYUE 徐 XU 东海 DONGHAI 燕 YAN 南海 NANHAI 宋 SONG |
| 天市右垣 Right wall | 河中 HEZHONG 河间 HEJIAN 晋 JIN 郑 ZHENG 周 ZHOU 秦 QIN 蜀 SHU 巴 BA 梁 LIANG 楚 CHU 韩 HAN |
| 天纪 Celestial Discipline | - |
| 女床 Woman's bed | - |
| 贯索 Coiled thong | - |
| 七公 Seven excellencies | - |
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二十八宿 Twenty-eight Mansions
| 四象 Four Symbols |
二十八宿 Twenty-eight Mansions |
|---|---|
| 青龙(东) Azure Dragon (East) |
角 Horn 亢 Neck 氐 Root 房 Room 心 Heart 尾 Tail 箕 Winnowing-basket |
| 玄武(北) Murky Warrior (North) |
斗 Dipper 牛 Ox 女 Girl 虚 Emptiness 危 Rooftop 室 Encampment 壁 Wall |
| 白虎(西) White Tiger (West) |
奎 Legs 娄 Bond 胃 Stomach 昴 Hairy head 毕 Net 觜 Turtle beak 参 Three stars |
| 朱雀(南) Vermilion Bird (South) |
井 Well 鬼 Ghosts 柳 Willow 星 Star 张 Extended net 翼 Wings 轸 Chariot |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 角 Horn | - |
| 平道 Flat road | - |
| 天田 Celestial farmland | - |
| 周鼎 Tripod of the ZHOU | - |
| 进贤 Recommending virtuous man | - |
| 天门 Celestial gate | - |
| 平 Judging | - |
| 库楼 Arsenal | - |
| 柱 Pillars | - |
| 衡 Railings | - |
| 南门 Southern gate | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 亢 Neck | - |
| 大角 Great horn | - |
| 左摄提 Right conductor | - |
| 右摄提 Left conductor | - |
| 折威 Executions | - |
| 顿顽 Trials | - |
| 阳门 Gate of YANG | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 氐 Root | - |
| 亢池 Boats and lake | - |
| 帝席 Mattress of the emperor | - |
| 梗河 Celestial lance | - |
| 招摇 Twinkling indicator | - |
| 天乳 Celestial milk | - |
| 天辐 Celestial spokes | - |
| 阵车 Battle chariots | - |
| 车骑 Chariots and cavalry | - |
| 骑阵将军 Chariot and Cavalry general | - |
| 骑官 Imperial guards | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 房 Room | 钩钤 Lock |
| 键闭 Door bolt | - |
| 罚 Punishment | - |
| 东咸 Eastern door | - |
| 西咸 Western door | - |
| 日 Sun | - |
| 从官 Retinue | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 心 Heart | - |
| 积卒 Group of soldiers | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 尾 Tail | 神宫 Changing room |
| 天江 Celestial river | - |
| 傅说 FUYUE | - |
| 鱼 Fish | - |
| 龟 Tortoise | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 箕 Winnowing basket | - |
| 糠 Chaff | - |
| 杵 Pestle | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 斗 Dipper | - |
| 天龠 Celestial keyhole | - |
| 天弁 Market officer | - |
| 建 Establishment | - |
| 天鸡 Celestial cock | - |
| 狗 Dog | - |
| 狗国 Territory of dogs | - |
| 天渊 Celestial spring | - |
| 农丈人 Peasant | - |
| 鳖 River turtle | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 牛 Ox | - |
| 天桴 Celestial drumstick | - |
| 河鼓 Drum at the river | - |
| 左旗 Left flag | - |
| 右旗 Right flag | - |
| 织女 Weaving girl | - |
| 渐台 Clepsydra terrace | - |
| 辇道 Imperial passageway | - |
| 罗堰 Networks of dykes | - |
| 天田 Celestial farmland | - |
| 九坎 Nine water wells | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 女 Girl | - |
| 离珠 Pearls on ladies' wear | - |
| 败瓜 Rotten gourd | - |
| 瓠瓜 Good gourd | - |
| 天津 Celestial ford | - |
| 奚仲 XIZHONG | - |
| 扶筐 Basket for mulberry leaves | - |
| 十二国 Twelve countries | 周 ZHOU 秦 QIN 代 DAI 赵 ZHAO 越 YUE 齐 QI 楚 CHU 郑 ZHENG 魏 WEI 韩 HAN 晋 JIN 燕 YAN |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 虚 Emptiness | - |
| 司命 Deified judge of life | - |
| 司禄 Deified judge of rank | - |
| 司危 Deified judge of disaster and good fortune | - |
| 司非 Deified judge of right and wrong | - |
| 哭 Crying | - |
| 泣 Weeping | - |
| 璃瑜 Jade ornament on ladies' wear | - |
| 天垒城 Celestial ramparts | - |
| 败臼 Decayed Mortar | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 危 Rooftop | 坟墓 Tomb |
| 盖屋 Roofing | - |
| 虚梁 Temple | - |
| 天钱 Celestial money | - |
| 人 Humans | - |
| 杵 Pestle | - |
| 臼 Mortar | - |
| 车府 Big yard for chariots | - |
| 造父 ZAOFU | - |
| 天钩 Celestial hook | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 室 Encampment | 离宫 Resting palace |
| 螣蛇 Flying serpent | - |
| 雷电 Thunder and lightning | - |
| 土公吏 Official for materials supply | - |
| 垒壁阵 The line of ramparts | - |
| 羽林军 Palace guard | - |
| 天纲 Materials for Making Tents | - |
| 北落师门 North gate of the military camp | - |
| 鈇钺 Axe | - |
| 八魁 Net for catching birds | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 壁 Wall | - |
| 天厩 Celestial stable | - |
| 土公 Official for earthworks and buildings | - |
| 霹雳 Thunderbolt | - |
| 云雨 Cloud and rain | - |
| 鈇锧 Sickle | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 奎 Legs | - |
| 王良 WANGLIANG | - |
| 策 Whip | - |
| 附路 Auxiliary road | - |
| 军南门 Southern military gate | - |
| 阁道 Flying corridor | - |
| 外屏 Outer fence | - |
| 天溷 Celestial pigsty | - |
| 土司空 Master of constructions | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 娄 Bond | - |
| 天大将军 Great general of the heaven | - |
| 左更 Official in charge of forest | - |
| 右更 Official in charge of pasturing | - |
| 天仓 Square celestial granary | - |
| 天庾 Ricks of grain | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 胃 Stomach | - |
| 大陵 Mausoleum | - |
| 积尸 Heaps of corpses | - |
| 天船 Celestial boat | - |
| 积水 Stored water | - |
| 天廪 Celestial foodstuffs | - |
| 天囷 Circular celestial granary | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 昴 Hairy head | - |
| 天阿 Celestial river | - |
| 月 Moon | - |
| 卷舌 Rolled tongue | - |
| 天谗 Celestial slander | - |
| 砺石 Whetstone | - |
| 天阴 Celestial YIN force | - |
| 刍蒿 Hay | - |
| 天苑 Celestial meadows | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 毕 Net | 附耳 Whisper |
| 天街 Celestial street | - |
| 天高 Celestial high terrace | - |
| 诸王 Feudal kings | - |
| 五车 Five chariots | - |
| 柱 Pillars | - |
| 威池 Pool of harmony | - |
| 天潢 Celestial pier | - |
| 天关 Celestial gate | - |
| 天节 Celestial tally | - |
| 九州殊口 Interpreters of nine dialects | - |
| 参旗 Banner of three stars | - |
| 九斿 Imperial military flag | - |
| 天园 Celestial orchard | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 觜 Turtle beak | - |
| 司怪 Deity in charge of monsters | - |
| 座旗 Seat flags | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 参 Three stars | 伐 Punishment |
| 玉井 Jade well | - |
| 军井 Military well | - |
| 屏 Screen | - |
| 厕 Toilet | - |
| 屎 Excrement | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 井 Well | 钺 Battle axe |
| 水府 Official for irrigation | - |
| 天樽 Celestial wine cup | - |
| 五诸侯 Five feudal kings | - |
| 北河 North river | - |
| 积水 Accumulated water | - |
| 积薪 Pile of firewood | - |
| 水位 Water level | - |
| 南河 South river | - |
| 四渎 Four channels | - |
| 阙丘 Palace gate | - |
| 军市 Market for the soldiers | - |
| 野鸡 Wild cockerel | - |
| 天狼 Celestial wolf | - |
| 丈人 Grandfather | - |
| 子 Son | - |
| 孙 Grandson | - |
| 老人 Old man | - |
| 弧矢 Bow and arrow | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 鬼 Ghosts | - |
| 积尸 Cumulative corpses | - |
| 爟 Beacon fire | - |
| 外厨 Outer kitchen | - |
| 天记 Judge to estimate the age of animals | - |
| 天狗 Celestial dog | - |
| 天社 Celestial earth god' s temple | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 柳 Willow | - |
| 酒旗 Banner of wine shop | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 星 Star | - |
| 天相 Celestial premier | - |
| 天稷 Celestial cereals | - |
| 轩辕 XUANYUAN | 御女 Maids-in-waiting |
| 内平 High judge | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 张 Extended net | - |
| 天庙 Celestial Temple | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 翼 Wings | - |
| 东瓯 DONGOU | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 轸 Chariot | 左辖 Left linchpin 右辖 Right linchpin 长沙 CHANGSHA |
| 青丘 Green hill | - |
| 军门 Military Gate | - |
| 土司空 Master of Construction | - |
| 器府 House for Musical Instruments | - |
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| 星官 Asterism | 星名 Star name |
|---|---|
| 海山 Sea and mountain | - |
| 十字架 Cross | - |
| 马尾 Horse's tail | - |
| 马腹 Horse's abdomen | - |
| 蜜蜂 Bee | - |
| 三角形 Triangle | - |
| 异雀 Exotic bird | - |
| 孔雀 Peacock | - |
| 波斯 Persia | - |
| 蛇尾 Snake's tail | - |
| 蛇腹 Snake's abdomen | - |
| 蛇首 Snake's head | - |
| 鸟喙 Bird's beak | - |
| 鹤 Crane | - |
| 火鸟 Firebird | - |
| 水委 Crooked running water | - |
| 附白 White patches nearby | - |
| 夹白 White Patch Attached | - |
| 金鱼 Goldfish | - |
| 海石 Sea rock | - |
| 飞鱼 Flying fish | - |
| 南船 Southern boat | - |
| 小斗 Little dipper | - |
